Back in the hazy olden days of the pre-2000s, navigating between two locations generally required someone to whip out a paper map and painstakingly figure out the most optimal route between those ...

Complexity theory is a fundamental branch of theoretical computer science that categorises computational problems according to their inherent difficulty and the resources required to solve them. At ...

The most widely used technique for finding the largest or smallest values of a math function turns out to be a fundamentally difficult computational problem. Many aspects of modern applied research ...

For decades, the graph isomorphism problem has held a special status within complexity theory. While thousands of other computational problems have meekly succumbed to categorization as either hard or ...

One July afternoon in 2024, Ryan Williams set out to prove himself wrong. Two months had passed since he’d hit upon a startling discovery about the relationship between time and memory in computing.

Theory of Computation offers a rigorous mathematical framework that underpins our understanding of what can be computed and how efficiently these computations may be performed. It encompasses ...

Part of “Complexity Theory,” a column on the tangled questions of our technological age. “Addressing algorithmic bias is like hygiene,” she told me. “You don’t brush once, you don’t floss once, you do ...